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Genomic Landscape and Targeted Treatment of Gallbladder Cancer: Results of a First Ongoing Prospective Study
*Corresponding author: Suresh Pandalanghat, MD (Gen Med), DNB (Med Oncology), Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110010, India. psuresh_n@yahoo.com
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Abstract
Background Prognosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) has not changed in the past 20 years. Comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) carries potential to determine the actionability for multiple targets, including ERBB2, ERBB3, MET, ROSI, FGFR, and PIK3. This study evaluates the role of CGP and targeted therapies.
Methods This is a multicenter, prospective, single-arm study. All consecutive patients of unresectable and/or metastatic GBC of age ≥18 years were enrolled. Hybrid capture-based CGP was performed by Foundation Medicine CDx. All patients received first-line chemotherapy with gemcitabine–cisplatin regimen. Patients with ERBB2/3 amplification received trastuzumab with capecitabine or nab-paclitaxel, and patients with MET amplification were treated with crizotinib. For ERBB2/3 mutations, lapatinib plus capecitabine regimen was used.
Results Fifty patients were studied with a median age of 56 years (range 26–83) and a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.6. ERBB2 and ERBB3 amplification was seen in 9 (18%) and 2 (4%) patients, respectively. Four patients with ERBB2 amplification received trastuzumab and/or lapatinib, showed partial response, and maintained response beyond 12 weeks. One patient had mixed response, whereas two patients progressed on trastuzumab and lapatinib. Three patients with ERBB3 mutations showed response to lapatinib–capecitabine. One patient with MET amplification responded to crizotinib for 4 weeks. PIK3 mutations were present in 14% of cases and were independent of ERBB aberrations.
Conclusion GBC is enriched in 28% of patients with ERBB2 and ERBB3 amplifications and/or mutations. Responses are seen with lapatinib in concurrent ERBB2 mutation and amplification. ERBB3 mutation showed response to lapatinib. MET and PIK3 are new findings in GBC, which may be targeted.
Keywords
Introduction
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has peculiar geographic distribution; although it is rare in Northern America, it is one of the most common malignancies in North India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Chile, Ecuador, Japan, and Korea.123 It is more common in females, and its anatomical location, presentation with obstructive jaundice, and chemotherapy refractoriness make it one of the aggressive malignancies, limiting median overall survival to 3 months in metastatic setting in untreated patients. Gemcitabine–cisplatin is the standard of care as per the meta-analysis of ABC02 and BT22 trials of advanced biliary cancers in the first-line setting, wherein majority of patients had cholangiocarcinoma.4 Survival in GBC has not improved over the past 20 years,5 highlighting the importance of newer therapies. In the era of personalized and precision medicine, we felt the need to conduct a prospective study of comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) in advanced GBC to find tumor- and site-specific genomic alterations. The purpose was to find out driver mutation and amplification in GBC and treat these patients with available therapies in the absence of standard of care in the second-line setting.
Methods
Patients
The study was conducted at two tertiary care centers of Armed Forces. All consecutive patients of locally advanced unresectable and/or metastatic GBC were included. Fifty patients were enrolled from August 2018 after approval of the Institutional Ethical Committee. Diagnosis of GBC was made on the basis of imaging findings and was confirmed with biopsy and/or fine needle aspiration cytology. Patients aged ≥18 years were eligible. For staging work-up, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, or positron emission tomography CT of the whole body was performed. Patients were analyzed for baseline complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19–9 levels, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels. Patients with serum bilirubin ≤3 mg/dL and aspartate transaminase/alanine aminotransferase up to three times of normal were permitted for enrollment. Patients of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) 3 and 4 were excluded. Demographic profile information was collected as per the prespecified protocol. Patients were excluded if they had intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. ECOG method was used for assessing PS.6
Biopsy
Biopsies were performed under ultrasound guidance for all patients before start of chemotherapy. Laparoscopic biopsies were performed for patients who could not undergo ultrasound-guided biopsies. Laparoscopic biopsies were taken from local lesion and/or peritoneal deposits. Biopsy sample was preserved in 10% neutral-buffered formalin for 24 hours, and, subsequently, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks were made. These blocks were centrally collected and transported to a central facility in the United States. Biopsies were permitted after any lines of therapy if patient ECOG PS was 0 or 1.
Comprehensive Genomic Profiling
CGP was performed by Foundation Medicine CDx technology. The complete panel of genes analyzed in this study is shown in Supplement Table S1 (online only). The turnaround time was 3 weeks. The analysis also included PDL1 expression by immunohistochemistry (Dako 22C3 platform). Microsatellite instability (MSI) was evaluated by genome-wide analysis of 95 microsatellite loci. This assay detected alterations in a total of 324 genes, using the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform. Hybrid-capture-selected libraries were sequenced to high uniform depth (targeting >500X median coverage with >99% of exons at coverage > ×100). Sequence data were processed using a customized analysis pipeline designed to detect all classes of genomic alterations, including base substitutions, indels, copy number alterations (amplifications and homozygous deletions), and selected genomic rearrangements (e.g., gene fusions) (Supplement Table S1, online only).
Treatment
Patients were treated with the first-line chemotherapy: gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 and cisplatin 25 mg/m2 on day 1 and 8 every 3 weeks for three cycles, and response assessment was performed. For patients presenting with obstructive jaundice, obstruction was relieved by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and stenting or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage wherever feasible. For responding patients (partial response or stable disease), three more cycles of the same regimen were given. In the second-line and subsequent-line settings, wherever target was detected, the patient received targeted therapy. Molecular targets were ERBB2, EBBB3, amplification and/or mutations, MET amplification, and PIK3 mutations. Toxicity data were collected, and response to therapy was assessed by clinical benefit and/or imaging and serological markers (CA19–9 and CEA). As per protocol, targeted therapy was allowed only in the second and subsequent line of therapy. Patients who had ERBB2 amplification received trastuzumab plus chemotherapy (nab-paclitaxel or FOLFOX). On trastuzumab progression, eligible patients received lapatinib and capecitabine. Patients with ERBB3 amplification received trastuzumab plus lapatinib, and ERBB3-mutated patients received lapatinib. MET amplification was treated with crizotinib 250 mg BD. Everolimus was used in PIK3-mutated patients. Immunotherapy was not administered.
Statistics
Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the variables. To assess the association between variables, chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used wherever needed. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Log-rank test was used to evaluate the outcome differences between groups of patients. Cox regression analysis was used for univariate analysis. The significant univariate variables of value up to p < 0.10 were considered for multivariate analysis using Cox regression proportional hazard analysis.
Results
A total of 50 patients were studied, and CGP information was available for all patients. Median age was 56.5 years (range: 26–83 years), with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.6. Three patients underwent laparoscopic biopsies. Biopsy for liver lesion was performed in rest of the patients, and no major complication was observed. Two patients required observation for persistent pain for 24 hours. No fistula formation was observed. The targeted genomic landscape with percentages is shown in Fig. 1. The targeted findings (ERBB2, ERBB3, MET, and PIK3 aberrations) were not frequent in patients aged <60 years as compared with those aged >60 years (p = 0.78). Details of patients, disease status, and response to treatment are given in Table 1.
|
Age/sex |
ERBB |
Metastatic sites |
Prior therapies |
Targeted therapy |
Response |
Duration of response on targeted therapy |
Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
39 y/ male |
ERBB2 amplification |
Both lobes of the liver abdominal wall deposits |
Gem-Cis 3a (PD) CapOX 6a (PD) FOLFIRI2a (PD) |
T + Nab-paclitaxel 6a PD Lap-Cap (6a) |
PR |
8 mo |
Presently on Lap+T (post 6a Lap-Cap) |
|
50 y/female |
ERBB2, S310F amplification |
Liver, periportal peripancreatic lymph nodes |
Gem-Cis 2a (PD) |
T + Gem-Cap (3a PD), Lap-Cap |
PR |
4 mo |
Presently on Lap-Cap |
|
70 y/female |
ERBB2 amplification |
Peritoneal deposits, ascites, adnexa, liver, lung, omentum, LNs, abdominal wall deposits |
Gem-Ox 6a (PD) |
T + Nab-paclitaxel 3a (PD) Lap-Cap |
PR |
6 mo |
Presently on Lap-cap; pain free |
|
34 y/ female |
ERBB2 amplification |
Liver, LNs, Lung |
Gem-Cis 6a (PD) Irinotecan 6a (PD) |
T + Nab-paclitaxel |
MR |
3 mo |
Comorbidity - Rheumatic heart disease; showed mixed response to Nab-paclitaxel and T |
|
54 y/ male |
ERBB2 amplification |
Liver, LNs regional and RPLC, omentum |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Underwent ERCP and stenting; sudden death at home before commencing targeted therapy |
|
44 y/female |
ERBB2 amplification |
Liver, periportal and portacaval LNs |
Gem-Cis |
– |
– |
– |
Presently on Gem-Cis protocol as prespecified protocol |
|
72 y/male |
ERBB2 V777L, amplification |
Large GB mass with liver infiltration, liver metastases |
– |
– |
– |
– |
Rapid clinical worsening, no systemic therapy received; CA19–9 > 500 U/mL, CEA 2,076.02 ng/mL |
|
47 y/male |
ERBB2 L869R amplification |
Local mass, LNs, cerebellar, bone |
Gem-Cap 1a (PD) |
– |
– |
– |
PD on first line and died before commencing targeted therapy |
|
70 y/male |
ERBB2 amplification |
Liver, LNs |
BSC |
– |
– |
– |
Did not receive systemic chemotherapy; rapid clinical worsening |
|
68 y/female |
ERBB3 G284R mutation |
Liver, omental, mesenteric deposits, ascites |
Gem-Cap (adjt) Gem-Cis (first line) |
Lap-Cap |
PR (ascites subsided) |
2.6 mo |
Died due to acute coronary event; off pain medicines for duration of response |
|
62 y/ female |
ERBB3 mutation V104L |
LNs mesenteric, RPLN, Lt SCLNs anterior abdominal wall deposit |
Gem-Cis (6a PD) |
Lap-Cap |
CB |
1 mo |
Response evaluation awaited; CB present at 1 m; treatment is ongoing |
|
31 y/female |
ERBB3 amplification |
Liver, LNs |
Gem-Cis 3a (PD) |
Lap-Cap |
PR |
1.8 mo |
Pregnancy associated Gall bladder cancer; rapid progression after 2 mo of Lap-Cap; developed ascites, pleural effusion |
|
34 y/male |
ERBB3 mutation R426W |
Both lobes of the liver, RPLN, periportal LNs |
Gem-Cis 6a SD TFI-3 mo Gem-Cap 4a PD FOLFIRI 3a |
– |
– |
– |
Biopsy was performed after second line of therapy; presently on FOLFIRI |
|
46 y/female |
ERBB3 amplification |
Liver, omentum, ascites |
Gem-Cap 2a PD |
T+ Gem-Cis |
– |
– |
Received 1a |
ERBB2 amplification was observed in nine (18%) of the cases. ERBB3 aberrations were seen in five (10%) cases, including two amplifications and three point mutations. MET amplification was seen in three patients. It was co-amplified with ERBB2 in one patient, and another had ERBB3 mutation along with MET amplification. Four patients received trastuzumab and chemotherapy in various lines of therapy. One patient showed partial response, two patients had progressive disease, and one patient had mixed response. One patient died before the next-generation sequencing (NGS) report was available, and one patient had sudden death not related to malignancy before the start of therapy.
Concurrent mutation and amplifications were seen at high rate. Of seven patients, two patients had concurrent ERBB2 mutation and amplification. These mutations were S310F and V777L. One patient with S310F mutation did respond to lapatinib and continued with the same regimen. The point mutations in ERBB3 domain were V104L, G284R, and R426W. One patient of ERBB3 mutation maintained response to lapatinib beyond 12 weeks.
PIK3 mutations were seen in seven (14%) cases. No concurrent PIK3 mutations were seen with ERBB2 and ERBB3 alterations. Three patients had PIK3CA H1047R mutation and two patients had PIK3CA-E545K mutation, highlighting recurrent genomic alterations in these domains.
TP53 gene abnormalities were present in 85% of cases. However, there were no recurrent genomic signatures in TP53. NF mutations were seen in five (10%) patients, NF1 mutations in three patients, and NF2 mutations in two patients. Only one patient had fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2 mutation, and one had FGFR3 amplification. Two patients were screened for germline mutation for PTEN loss and NF1 mutations by NGS. Both patients did not have germline abnormality.
PDL1 expression data were available for 35 patients, and it was >= 1% in 31% of cases. PDL1 expression ranged from 1 to 100% and did not show prognostic significance at a cutoff of 1%. Tumor mutational burden (TMB) data were available for 43 patients. Median TMB was 5 mut/Mb, with a range of 1 to 14 mut/Mb. MSI (n = 43) was stable in all cases.
Discussion
A prospective study of NGS has not been conducted in GBC previously. Various retrospective series have been published in the GBC evaluating the targets by NGS. Biliary tract cancers comprise intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and GBCs. In this study, only GBC subset was studied, strengthening the literature for this subsite. Across all age ranges, actionability was found.
In a study by Li et al of whole-exome and targeted-gene sequencing in GBC, ERBB pathway was extensively mutated in 36.8% tissue samples.7 In this study, 16% had ERBB2 amplification. This study was limited by the absence of clinical data.
ERBB2, S310F, L869R, and V777L mutations were seen in three patients. These mutations are reported in other solid malignancies. They may pose resistance to trastuzumab.8910 The patients with S310F mutation responded to lapatinib. In this ongoing study, we found promising responses to trastuzumab in the second-line therapy. The work on ERBB2-targeted therapy in biliary tract cancer was published by Javle et al.11 In this retrospective series, six cases of GBC were treated with trastuzumab, and responses were seen for short duration.
ERBB3 mutations were seen in three (7%) patients, in whom encouraging responses to lapatinib (a pan-ERBB inhibitor) were seen. Li et al studied ERBB2/ERBB3 mutation and PDL1 expression in cell lines. ERBB2 and ERBB3 mutations were seen in 7 to 8% of GBC samples.12 We also found similar rates of mutations.
Two patients of ERBB2 amplification had coamplification with MET, which is not reported before in GBC. One patient with MET amplification received crizotinib; however, response lasted for 4 weeks. This highlights the importance of deeper understanding of the role of molecular pathogenesis of GBC and mechanisms of resistance for these pathways. Ratio of MET/CEP7 > 2.2 was suggested for the effectiveness of crizotinib in lung cancer trials.13 Future studies are warranted to explore the correlation between NGS and MET/CEP7 ratio on FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization).
FGFR2 mutations, amplifications, and fusions have been reported in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in 15% of patients with characteristics of indolent clinical course.141516 Our study highlights the importance of being site-specific for biliary tract cancers. In this study, FGFR2 mutation–amplification was seen in one patient each. One patient had FGFR3 amplification. Recently, FGFR inhibitor was approved in urinary bladder carcinoma, and it is being studied in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with early promising results.1718
PIK3 mutations H1047R (three cases) and E545K (two cases) have not been reported before in GBC in prospective setting. These are possible targets for alpelisib, which received approval for metastatic breast cancer. The genomic signatures were similar to breast cancer.1920
Previously, the percentage of actionability has been reported21; however, these are retrospective in nature and carried bias. PDL1 expression > 1% was seen in 31% of cases in our study. PDL1 expression by microarray technique is studied by Neyaz et al.22
TMB as a biomarker for immunotherapy has been studied in various malignancies, such as lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and head and neck cancer. TMB was analyzed by Yang et al in tissue samples of GBC, and reported mutational burden in 17%,23 with a median TMB of 5 mu/Mb, which is very much similar to our data. Their study was limited by nonavailability of clinical data, retrospective design, and two different cohorts of Chinese and American patients. We used the Foundation Medicine CDx platform, which is a validated tool for the use of immunotherapy.
MSI (n = 43) was stable in all cases. As the prevalence is <5% for MSI,24 the use of it as an immunotherapy biomarker is of limited utility and requires future larger data.
Strength of the Study
The main strengths of this study are that GBC as a subset of biliary tract malignancy was studied and the role of precision therapy was explored in the second-line settings.
Limitation of the Study
A limitation of this study was that as a pilot work, the numbers of patients were less. The survival data and correlation with baseline variables will be published once data mature.
Conclusion
Role of personalized and precision medicine by CGP has expanded in GBC. Percentage of driver mutations differs by site in biliary tract malignancies. GBC is characterized preponderance of ERBB alterations (26%), including ERBB2 and ERBB3 amplification and mutations. ERBB3 domain mutation can be targeted with lapatinib. Coamplifications and comutations are possible mechanisms of resistance in GBC for trastuzumab. Future studies on combination therapies with lapatinib or pertuzumab are needed. FGFR2 mutation and amplification are rare as compared with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. PIK3 mutations were present in 14% of cases with recurrent genomic signatures. Outcomes with targeted therapies in the second-line setting will be published once data mature.
Acknowledgments
We sincerely thank our patients for participating in this study. We extend our thanks to Prof Atul Sharma for source of inspiration on Gallbladder cancer research and also thank Dr Prashant Mehta, Dr C K Das & Dr Vineet Govinda Gupta for their valuable inputs.
Supplementary Material
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