Translate this page into:
Breast cancer risk factor evaluation in a Western Himalayan state: A case–control study and comparison with the Western World
*Corresponding author: Dr. Mukesh Sharma. muk00008@gmail.com
This article was originally published by Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Pvt. Ltd. and was migrated to Scientific Scholar after the change of Publisher.
Abstract
Abstract
Context: Breast cancer incidence is increasing rapidly in India. The lifestyle, built, genetic makeup, reproductive and breastfeeding patterns are quite different in Indian females when compared to the Western population. Generalizing the Western data to the population residing in the Himalayan region would breed inaccuracies. Aim: The aim of our study was to identify risk factors in our own population in a Western Himalayan state of Himachal Pradesh, India. Subjects and Methods: A case–control study with 377 cases of invasive breast cancer and 346 hospital-based controls was conducted for 1 year. The data were collected by interviewing the individuals during their visit to hospital using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using standard statistical techniques using SPSS version 17 software. Results: Factors found to have strong association with invasive breast cancer on multivariate analysis are late age at first childbirth >30 years, which is the strongest risk factor associated, late age of menopause > 50 years, high socioeconomic class, and age of female above 50 years. Conclusion: In our females, age >50 years, late age of menopause (>50 years), late age at first childbirth (>30 years), and high socioeconomic status were found to be major risk factors associated with breast cancer. Several factors implicated in the Western data were not found to be significant in our study. We need to identify such aspects in reproductive and breastfeeding patterns of women and spread awareness regarding the same.
Keywords
References
- Kim Y, Yoo KY, Goodman MT. Differences in incidence, mortality and survival of breast cancer by regions and countries in Asia and contributing factors. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015;16:2857-70.
- International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ORC Macro. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2), India, 1998-99. Himachal Pradesh, Mumbai: IIPS; 2002.
- Dudala SR, Arlappa N. An updated Prasad's socio economic status classification for 2013. Int J Res Dev Health 2013;1:26-8.
- Lacey JV Jr., Kreimer AR, Buys SS, Marcus PM, Chang SC, Leitzmann MF, et al. Breast cancer epidemiology according to recognized breast cancer risk factors in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) cancer screening trial cohort. BMC Cancer 2009;9:84.
- Colditz GA, Rosner B. Cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 70 years according to risk factor status: Data from the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152:950-64.
- MacMahon B, Cole P, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, et al. Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bull World Health Organ. 1970;43:209-21.
- Brinton LA, Sherman ME, Carreon JD, Anderson WF. Recent trends in breast cancer among younger women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:1643-8.
- Anderson WF, Matsuno RK, Sherman ME, Lissowska J, Gail MH, Brinton LA, et al. Estimating age-specific breast cancer risks: A descriptive tool to identify age interactions. Cancer Causes Control 2007;18:439-47.
- Wagener DK, Schatzkin A. Temporal trends in the socioeconomic gradient for breast cancer mortality among US women. Am J Public Health 1994;84:1003-6.
- Lawson JS. The link between socioeconomic status and breast cancer – A possible explanation. Scand J Public Health 1999;27:203-5.
- Marchbanks PA, Mcdonald JA, Wilson HG, Burnett NM, Daling JR, Bernstein L, et al. The NICHD Women's Contraceptive And Reproductive Experiences Study: Methods and operational results. Ann Epidemiol 2002;12:213-21.
- Department of Economics and Statistics, Himachal Pradesh. Socio Economic Indicators of Himachal Pradesh; 2013. Available from: http://www.admis.hp.nic.in/himachal/economics/REPORTS/Socio2013_A1b. [Last cited on 2016 Sep 28].