Anticancer activity of Cynodon dactylon L. root extract against diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatic carcinoma

R. Kowsalya; Jagatheesh Kaliaperumal; M. Vaishnavi; Elangovan Namasivayam

doi:10.4103/2278-330X.155691

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MINI SYMPOSIUM: MOLECULAR ONCOLOGY: Original Article

04 (

); 083-087

doi:

10.4103/2278-330X.155691

Anticancer activity of Cynodon dactylon L. root extract against diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatic carcinoma

R. Kowsalya¹, Jagatheesh Kaliaperumal¹, M. Vaishnavi¹, Elangovan Namasivayam^1,

1 Department of Biotechnology, Molecular Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu

*Corresponding author: Dr. Elangovan Namasivayam. elangovannn@gmail.com

Published: 2020-12-31

MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

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Abstract

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers and a lethal disease. In view of the limited treatment and a grave prognosis of liver cancer, preventive control has been emphasized. Materials and Methods: The methanolic extract of roots of Cynodon dactylon was screened for its hepato-protective activity in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced liver cancer in Swiss albino mice. The plant extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg was administered orally once a week, up to 30 days after DEN administration. The animals were sacrificed; blood sample and liver tissue were collected and used for enzyme assay such as, asparatate amino transferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The liver marker enzymes AST and ALT produced signifi cant results in the protective action. Results: The antioxidant enzyme assay results concerning the improved activity of GPx, GST and CAT. These results concluded that enhanced levels of antioxidant enzyme and reduced amount of serum amino transaminase, which are suggested to be the major mechanisms of C. dactylon root extract in protecting the mice from hepatocarcinoma induced by DEN. These biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver sections. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of C. dactylon possesses signifi cant anticancer properties

Keywords

References

Bingham S, Riboli E. Diet and cancer - The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:206-15.
Balachandran P, Govindarajan R. Cancer - An ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol Res 2005;51:19-30.
Befeler AS, Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1609-19.
McGlynn KA, London WT. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005;19:3-23.
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008. Available from: http ://www.cancer.org. [Last accessd on 2013 Dec 12].
American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts and Figures. American Cancer Society, Inc.; 2007.
Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis: From genes to environment. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:674-87.
Singh SK, Rai PK, Mehta S, Singh RK, Watal G. Curative effect of Cynodon dactylon against STZ induced hepatic injury in diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2009;24:410-3.
Shabi MM, Gayathri K, Venkatalakshmi R, Sasikal C. Chemical constituents of hydro alcoholic extract and phenolic fraction of Cynodon dactylon. Int J Chemtech Res 2010;2:149-54.
Kritikar KK, Basu BD. C. dacylon. In: Indian Medicinal Plants. 2 nd ed. Dehradun: International Book Distributors; 1980. p. 2650.
Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-75.
Luck H .In: Methods in enzymatic analysis. Bergmeyer 2 nd Ed. New York: Academic Press; 1974. p. 885.
Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG, Hoekstra WG. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1973;179:588-90.
Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Vol. 2. Verlag Chemie Weinheim/Academic Press, Inc., New York and London; 1974. p. 735.
Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-9.
Jeyachandran R, Mahesh A, Cindrella L. DEN-induced cancer and its alleviation by anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. Ethanolic leaf extract in male albino mice. Int J Cancer Res 2007;3:174-9.
Parkin DM, Stjernswärd J, Muir CS. Estimates of the worldwide frequency of twelve major cancers. Bull World Health Organ 1984;62:163-82.
Doll R. Symposium on diet and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 1990;49:119-31.
Archer MC. Mechanisms of action of N-nitroso compounds. Cancer Surv 1989;8:241-50.
Rabes HM, Scholze P, Jantsch B. Growth kinetics of diethylnitrosamine-induced, enzyme-deficient "preneoplastic" liver cell populations in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res 1972;32:2577-86.
Schulte-Hermann R, Ohde G, Schuppler J, Timmermann-Trosiener I. Enhanced proliferation of putative preneoplastic cells in rat liver following treatment with the tumor promoters phenobarbital, hexachlorocyclohexane, steroid compounds, and nafenopin. Cancer Res 1981;41:2556-62.
Sreepriya M, Bali G. Chemopreventive effects of embelin and curcumin against N-nitrosodiethylamine/phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Fitoterapia 2005;76:549-55.
Björkhem-Bergman L, Torndal UB, Eken S, Nyström C, Capitanio A, Larsen EH, et al. Selenium prevents tumor development in a rat model for chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:125-31.
Rajkapoor B, Murugesh N, Chodon D, Sakthisekaran D. Chemoprevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced phenobarbitol promoted liver tumors in rat by extract of Indigofera aspalathoides. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:364-6.
Jahan MS, Vani G, Shyamaladevi CS. Anti-carcinogenic effect of solanum trilobatum in diethylnitrosame induced and Phenobarbital promoted heaptocarcinogenesis in rats. Asian J Biochem 2011;6:74-81.
Tew KD. Glutathione-associated enzymes in anticancer drug resistance. Cancer Res 1994;54:4313-20.
Satoh K, Hatayama I, Tsuchida S, Sato K. Biochemical characteristics of a preneoplastic marker enzyme glutathione S-transferase P-form (7-7). Arch Biochem Biophys 1991;285:312-6.
Bozzi A, Mavelli I, Agro AF, Strom R, Wolf AM, Mondovi B, et al. Twenty five years of research on medicinal plants in Latin America: A personal review. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:131-4.
Kashiwagi K, Tobe T, Higashi T, Warabioka K. Impaired synthesis of liver catalase in tumor-bearing rats. Gann 1972;63:57-62.
Sato K, Ito K, Kohara H, Yamaguchi Y, Adachi K, Endo H. Negative regulation of catalase gene expression in hepatoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:2525-33.
Satoh K, Hatayama I. Anomalous elevation of glutathione S-transferase P-form (GST-P) in the elementary process of epigenetic initiation of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:1193-8.

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[1] Bingham S, Riboli E. Diet and cancer - The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:206-15.

[2] Balachandran P, Govindarajan R. Cancer - An ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacol Res 2005;51:19-30.

[3] Befeler AS, Di Bisceglie AM. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1609-19.

[4] McGlynn KA, London WT. Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005;19:3-23.

[5] American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2008. Available from: http ://www.cancer.org. [Last accessd on 2013 Dec 12].

[6] American Cancer Society. Global Cancer Facts and Figures. American Cancer Society, Inc.; 2007.

[7] Farazi PA, DePinho RA. Hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis: From genes to environment. Nat Rev Cancer 2006;6:674-87.

[8] Singh SK, Rai PK, Mehta S, Singh RK, Watal G. Curative effect of Cynodon dactylon against STZ induced hepatic injury in diabetic rats. Indian J Clin Biochem 2009;24:410-3.

[9] Shabi MM, Gayathri K, Venkatalakshmi R, Sasikal C. Chemical constituents of hydro alcoholic extract and phenolic fraction of Cynodon dactylon. Int J Chemtech Res 2010;2:149-54.

[10] Kritikar KK, Basu BD. C. dacylon. In: Indian Medicinal Plants. 2 nd ed. Dehradun: International Book Distributors; 1980. p. 2650.

[11] Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265-75.

[12] Luck H .In: Methods in enzymatic analysis. Bergmeyer 2 nd Ed. New York: Academic Press; 1974. p. 885.

[13] Rotruck JT, Pope AL, Ganther HE, Swanson AB, Hafeman DG, Hoekstra WG. Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase. Science 1973;179:588-90.

[14] Bergmeyer HU, Bernt E. In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis. Vol. 2. Verlag Chemie Weinheim/Academic Press, Inc., New York and London; 1974. p. 735.

[15] Habig WH, Pabst MJ, Jakoby WB. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J Biol Chem 1974;249:7130-9.

[16] Jeyachandran R, Mahesh A, Cindrella L. DEN-induced cancer and its alleviation by anisomeles malabarica (L.) R.Br. Ethanolic leaf extract in male albino mice. Int J Cancer Res 2007;3:174-9.

[17] Parkin DM, Stjernswärd J, Muir CS. Estimates of the worldwide frequency of twelve major cancers. Bull World Health Organ 1984;62:163-82.

[18] Doll R. Symposium on diet and cancer. Proc Nutr Soc 1990;49:119-31.

[19] Archer MC. Mechanisms of action of N-nitroso compounds. Cancer Surv 1989;8:241-50.

[20] Rabes HM, Scholze P, Jantsch B. Growth kinetics of diethylnitrosamine-induced, enzyme-deficient "preneoplastic" liver cell populations in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Res 1972;32:2577-86.

[21] Schulte-Hermann R, Ohde G, Schuppler J, Timmermann-Trosiener I. Enhanced proliferation of putative preneoplastic cells in rat liver following treatment with the tumor promoters phenobarbital, hexachlorocyclohexane, steroid compounds, and nafenopin. Cancer Res 1981;41:2556-62.

[22] Sreepriya M, Bali G. Chemopreventive effects of embelin and curcumin against N-nitrosodiethylamine/phenobarbital-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Fitoterapia 2005;76:549-55.

[23] Björkhem-Bergman L, Torndal UB, Eken S, Nyström C, Capitanio A, Larsen EH, et al. Selenium prevents tumor development in a rat model for chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:125-31.

[24] Rajkapoor B, Murugesh N, Chodon D, Sakthisekaran D. Chemoprevention of N-nitrosodiethylamine induced phenobarbitol promoted liver tumors in rat by extract of Indigofera aspalathoides. Biol Pharm Bull 2005;28:364-6.

[25] Jahan MS, Vani G, Shyamaladevi CS. Anti-carcinogenic effect of solanum trilobatum in diethylnitrosame induced and Phenobarbital promoted heaptocarcinogenesis in rats. Asian J Biochem 2011;6:74-81.

[26] Tew KD. Glutathione-associated enzymes in anticancer drug resistance. Cancer Res 1994;54:4313-20.

[27] Satoh K, Hatayama I, Tsuchida S, Sato K. Biochemical characteristics of a preneoplastic marker enzyme glutathione S-transferase P-form (7-7). Arch Biochem Biophys 1991;285:312-6.

[28] Bozzi A, Mavelli I, Agro AF, Strom R, Wolf AM, Mondovi B, et al. Twenty five years of research on medicinal plants in Latin America: A personal review. J Ethnopharmacol 2005;100:131-4.

[29] Kashiwagi K, Tobe T, Higashi T, Warabioka K. Impaired synthesis of liver catalase in tumor-bearing rats. Gann 1972;63:57-62.

[30] Sato K, Ito K, Kohara H, Yamaguchi Y, Adachi K, Endo H. Negative regulation of catalase gene expression in hepatoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:2525-33.

[31] Satoh K, Hatayama I. Anomalous elevation of glutathione S-transferase P-form (GST-P) in the elementary process of epigenetic initiation of chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Carcinogenesis 2002;23:1193-8.

Anticancer activity of Cynodon dactylon L. root extract against diethyl nitrosamine induced hepatic carcinoma

Abstract

Abstract

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