Age at diagnosis of female breast cancer in Oman: Issues and implications

Itrat Mehdi; Essam Abdul Monem; Bassim Jaffar Al Bahrani; Suad Al Kharusi; Ayman Mohammad Nada; Jawad Al Lawati; Najla Al Lawati

doi:10.4103/2278-330X.130442

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BREAST CANCER : Original Article

03 (

); 101-106

doi:

10.4103/2278-330X.130442

Age at diagnosis of female breast cancer in Oman: Issues and implications

Itrat Mehdi^1,, Essam Abdul Monem¹, Bassim Jaffar Al Bahrani¹, Suad Al Kharusi¹, Ayman Mohammad Nada¹, Jawad Al Lawati¹, Najla Al Lawati²

1 Department of Medical Oncology, National Oncology Center, Royal Hospital Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

2 Directorate of Non-infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman

*Corresponding author: Dr. Itrat Mehdi. itrat_mehdi@yahoo.com

Published: 2020-12-31

MedIntel Services Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.)

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Abstract

Introduction: Female breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent malignancy diagnosed globally, about 23% of the diagnosed cancers. BC incidence varies geographically, highest in Western Europe and lowest in Africa. BC in females is strongly correlated to age, the highest incidence rate amongst older women reinforcing the importance of hormonal status. BC in young females has an aggressive phenotype. There is a shared observation amongst practicing oncologists that BC in Middle East and the developing world presents at an earlier age. Aim and Objective: The aims of this study are to evaluate the age at presentation of female BC in Oman, and to compare our data with international and regional published data. It discusses the impact of young age Breast Cancer. Materials and Methods: All diagnosed female BC cases registered from 1996-2010 all over the country, were retrieved from the National Cancer Registry, Ministry of Health. BC cases were analyzed with respect to age at presentation. The data were compared with regional and international data. Results: A total of 14,109 cancer cases were recorded during the period of study. BC was the leading malignancy as 1,294 cases (9.1%). Female BC patients were 1,230; denoting 19.2% of all female cancers. 53.5% of female BC presented below 50 years of age. Male BC constituted 5% of total, with 67% of male BC occurring over 50 years of age. Compared with data from Oman, the highest rates in UK and other Western countries are above 50 years of age. These rates are four to 10 times higher than local in different age groups. Interestingly, these rates increase with increasing age in UK from 40-45 to up to 85+, keep on increasing and go up to four times higher with higher age. This phenomenon, of increasing incidence rates with age, is not observed in our local population. Discussion: BC is significantly correlated to age as reported from Western population. BC is reported at a younger age from developing and Arab World, which need to be further studied and validated. This phenomenon of BC in younger age may have significant implications and effects ranging from screening, diagnosis, management, prognosis, and cost of treatment. Conclusion: The impact on young women diagnosed with BC is enormous, ranging from psychosocial to healthcare services and economics. There is a need to study it further in depth in developing World.

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References

El Saghir NS, Khalil MK, Eid T, El Kinge AR, Charafeddine M, Geara F, et al. Trends in Epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: A literature and registry analysis. Int J Surg 2007;5:225-33.
In: Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Altekruse SF, et al. editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute Bethseda, MD. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/.based on November 2011 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website 2012.
Porter P. "Westernizing" women′s risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. N Engl J Med 2008;358:213-6.
Althuis MD, Dozier JM, Anderson WF, Devesa SS, Brinton LA. Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973-1997. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:405-12.
The Lancet. Editorial. Breast cancer in developing countries. Lancet 2009;374:1567.
Tfayli A, Temraz S, Abou Mrad R, Shamseddine A. Breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries: An emerging and challenging epidemic. J Oncology 2010; Article ID 490631, 5 pages.
Anim JT. Breast cancer in Arab women: A review. Emirates Med J 1990;8:189-95.
Bener A, Ayub H, Kakil R, Ibrahim W. Patterns of cancer incidence among the population of Qatar: A worldwide comparative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:19-24.
Faris M, Samarasinghe D, Al Lawaty F, Thomas S. Pattern of Her-2 over expression in breast cancer in Oman and its prognostic significance. Oman Med J 2002;19:4-7.
Hoogstraten B, Gad-El-Mawla N, Hamsa MR, Abdelaziz I, Omar Y. Breast cancer in Arabic women. Oncology 1982;39:134-9.
Nasralla MY, Paszko Z, Omar YT, Ali MA, Al Jazzaf H, Padzik H, et al. Relations between epidermal growth factor receptor and oestrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancers of premenopausal and postmenopausal patients in Kuwait. Eur J Cancer 1992;29A: 76-81.
Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Animou R, Waldron W. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. Bethseda MD: National Cancer Institute; 2010. SEER website. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/-16K-2013-08-27.
Anim JT, John B, Abdulsathar SS, Prasad A, Saji T, Akhtar N, et al. Relationship between the expression of various markers and prognostic factors in breast cancer. Acta Histochem 2005;107:87-93.
Denic S, Al-Gazali L. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer patients from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2003;24:696.
Ravichandran K, Al-Zahrani AS. Association of reproductive factors with the incidence of breast cancer in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. East Mediterr Health J 2009;15:612-21.
Al Bahrani BJ, Khalifa A, Faris M, Khan QS. Pattern of relapse and experience with first line treatment of metastatic and relapsed breast cancer in Oman. Oman Med J 2004;19:7-12.
Al-Moundhri M, Al-Bahrani B, Pervez I, Ganguly SS, Nirmala V, Al-Madhani A, et al. The outcome of treatment of breast cancer in a developing country-Oman. Breast. 2004;13:139-45.
Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:229-39.
Nissan A, Spira RM, Hamburger T, Badrriyah M, Prus D, Cohen T, et al. Clinical profile of breast cancer in Arab and Jewish women in the Jerusalem area. Am J Surg 2004;188:62-7.
Fowble BL, Schultz DJ, Overmoyer B, Solin LJ, Fox K, Jardines L, et al. The influence of young age on outcome in early stage breast cancer. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1994;30:23-33.
Shamseddin A, Mussalam K. Cancer epidemiology in lebanon. Middle East J Cancer 2010;1:47-50.
Rodríguez-Cuevas S, Guisa-Hohenstein F, Labastida-Almendaro S. First breast cancer mammography screening program in Mexico: Initial results 2005-2006. Breast J 2009;15:623-31.
Aziz Z, Iqbal J, Akram M, FCPS. Effect of social class disparities on disease stage, quality of treatment, and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients from developing countries. Breast J 2008;14:372-5.
Sariego J, Zrada S, Byrd M, Matsumoto T. Breast cancer in young patients. Am J Surg 1995;170:243-245.
Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong YN, Edge SB, Theriault RL, et al. The effect of age on delay in diagnosis and stage of breast cancer. Oncologist 2012;17:775-82.
El Saghir NS, Seoud M, Khalil MK, Charafeddine M, Salem ZK, Geara FB, et al. Effects of young age at presentation on survival in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2006;6:194.

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[1] El Saghir NS, Khalil MK, Eid T, El Kinge AR, Charafeddine M, Geara F, et al. Trends in Epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: A literature and registry analysis. Int J Surg 2007;5:225-33.

[2] In: Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Aminou R, Altekruse SF, et al. editors. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute Bethseda, MD. Available from: http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2009_pops09/.based on November 2011 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER website 2012.

[3] Porter P. "Westernizing" women′s risks? Breast cancer in lower-income countries. N Engl J Med 2008;358:213-6.

[4] Althuis MD, Dozier JM, Anderson WF, Devesa SS, Brinton LA. Global trends in breast cancer incidence and mortality 1973-1997. Int J Epidemiol 2005;34:405-12.

[5] The Lancet. Editorial. Breast cancer in developing countries. Lancet 2009;374:1567.

[6] Tfayli A, Temraz S, Abou Mrad R, Shamseddine A. Breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries: An emerging and challenging epidemic. J Oncology 2010; Article ID 490631, 5 pages.

[7] Anim JT. Breast cancer in Arab women: A review. Emirates Med J 1990;8:189-95.

[8] Bener A, Ayub H, Kakil R, Ibrahim W. Patterns of cancer incidence among the population of Qatar: A worldwide comparative study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:19-24.

[9] Faris M, Samarasinghe D, Al Lawaty F, Thomas S. Pattern of Her-2 over expression in breast cancer in Oman and its prognostic significance. Oman Med J 2002;19:4-7.

[10] Hoogstraten B, Gad-El-Mawla N, Hamsa MR, Abdelaziz I, Omar Y. Breast cancer in Arabic women. Oncology 1982;39:134-9.

[11] Nasralla MY, Paszko Z, Omar YT, Ali MA, Al Jazzaf H, Padzik H, et al. Relations between epidermal growth factor receptor and oestrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancers of premenopausal and postmenopausal patients in Kuwait. Eur J Cancer 1992;29A: 76-81.

[12] Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Krapcho M, Neyman N, Animou R, Waldron W. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2007. Bethseda MD: National Cancer Institute; 2010. SEER website. http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2007/-16K-2013-08-27.

[13] Anim JT, John B, Abdulsathar SS, Prasad A, Saji T, Akhtar N, et al. Relationship between the expression of various markers and prognostic factors in breast cancer. Acta Histochem 2005;107:87-93.

[14] Denic S, Al-Gazali L. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in breast cancer patients from Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2003;24:696.

[15] Ravichandran K, Al-Zahrani AS. Association of reproductive factors with the incidence of breast cancer in Gulf Cooperation Council countries. East Mediterr Health J 2009;15:612-21.

[16] Al Bahrani BJ, Khalifa A, Faris M, Khan QS. Pattern of relapse and experience with first line treatment of metastatic and relapsed breast cancer in Oman. Oman Med J 2004;19:7-12.

[17] Al-Moundhri M, Al-Bahrani B, Pervez I, Ganguly SS, Nirmala V, Al-Madhani A, et al. The outcome of treatment of breast cancer in a developing country-Oman. Breast. 2004;13:139-45.

[18] Bray F, McCarron P, Parkin DM. The changing global patterns of female breast cancer incidence and mortality. Breast Cancer Res 2004;6:229-39.

[19] Nissan A, Spira RM, Hamburger T, Badrriyah M, Prus D, Cohen T, et al. Clinical profile of breast cancer in Arab and Jewish women in the Jerusalem area. Am J Surg 2004;188:62-7.

[20] Fowble BL, Schultz DJ, Overmoyer B, Solin LJ, Fox K, Jardines L, et al. The influence of young age on outcome in early stage breast cancer. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1994;30:23-33.

[21] Shamseddin A, Mussalam K. Cancer epidemiology in lebanon. Middle East J Cancer 2010;1:47-50.

[22] Rodríguez-Cuevas S, Guisa-Hohenstein F, Labastida-Almendaro S. First breast cancer mammography screening program in Mexico: Initial results 2005-2006. Breast J 2009;15:623-31.

[23] Aziz Z, Iqbal J, Akram M, FCPS. Effect of social class disparities on disease stage, quality of treatment, and survival outcomes in breast cancer patients from developing countries. Breast J 2008;14:372-5.

[24] Sariego J, Zrada S, Byrd M, Matsumoto T. Breast cancer in young patients. Am J Surg 1995;170:243-245.

[25] Partridge AH, Hughes ME, Ottesen RA, Wong YN, Edge SB, Theriault RL, et al. The effect of age on delay in diagnosis and stage of breast cancer. Oncologist 2012;17:775-82.

[26] El Saghir NS, Seoud M, Khalil MK, Charafeddine M, Salem ZK, Geara FB, et al. Effects of young age at presentation on survival in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2006;6:194.

Age at diagnosis of female breast cancer in Oman: Issues and implications

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Abstract

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